that 8% of the variance in antisocial behavior and 7% of the variance in prosocial behavior could be attributed to characteristics Also outlined in this entry is how poor‐quality coaches can lead to disordered eating and reduced well‐being in elite adolescent athletes. High school students' experiences were assessed using a newly developed instrument, the Youth Experiences Survey (YES). As sports participation increases, the odds of suffering from depression decreases by 25% (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.70-0.82) and the odds of having suicidal ideation decreases by 12% (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.83-0.93) after controlling for sex, age, race/ethnicity, public assistance, and physical limitations. Our sample included 1,259 mostly European American adolescents (approximately equal numbers of males and females). There was a positive significant relationship between sports participation and academic performance. McPherson, B.D. Only the third model showed that goals were associated with sports frequency. Apparently, health goals seem to be related to individual settings and less to traditional organized settings such as sports clubs and competitive types of sports and participants. As the epidemic of overweight increases among youth, research needs to examine factors that may influence children's participation in weight-related health behaviors. In accordance with Borgers et al. This article analyzes data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 to test the effect of participation in extracurricular activities on high school achievement. Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree). Multilevel regression analysis revealed The purpose of this study was to explore the perceived effects of elite athletes' experiences of emotional abuse in the coach–athlete relationship. In addition to reviewing the literature it questions the understandings of sport which typically underpin such interventions. Future research should consider whether adults participate in more than one type of sport and/or using multiple sports settings, as this might be associated with motivations, goals and sports frequency. According to Borgers et al. Rather than focusing on contrasts between sport and deviant behaviour, the article draws attention to the commonality of sporting and criminal/drug use experiences. In addition, the fixed trainings, competitions and obligations or expectations from coaches and peers might stimulate their extrinsic goals and therefore sports frequency. Practically, this can for instance be done by a (qualitative) investigation of what type of spaces sports participants actually use (where are they located, which environmental features do they have, what is the infrastructure like, what types of sports are people practising, whether sports participants interact with each other etc.,), and asking them why they prefer that type of public places, if they are missing something and what improvements they would suggest to make it more encouraging for them to practice sports in the public space. Three categories of address density were distinguished: rural (< 500 addresses per km2), hardly to moderately urbanized (500–1.500 addresses per km2), and strongly to extremely urbanized (> 1.500 per km2). They differ in personal characteristics and in their levels of self-determined motivations and goals. However, more extrinsic socially constructed goals related to ‘healthism’ such as losing weight and improving appearance might also stimulate participants to exercise more frequently. For instance, informal and non-club organized settings attracted non-competitive, novice and experienced athletes who participated in individual and flexible types of sports such as running and types of cycling (in public spaces) and gym-related activities or group lessons (in private gyms or health centres). Specifically, these previous studies found that those who participated in sport also reported higher … In the second model (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.183), interaction effects between motivations and sports setting were added to model 1. Most participants described themselves as an experienced recreational athlete (58.7%). Furthermore, having health management goals had the strongest positive association with sports frequency among informal participants and was associated less with sports club members. Conceptualization, Involvement in prosocial activities was linked to positive educational trajectories and low rates of involvement in risky behaviors. This study sought to enhance, through qualitative methods, an understanding of the factors that influence adolescents’commitments to extracurricular activities over time. Methodology, This study investigates 1) how users of different settings differ regarding self-determined motivations and goals, and sociodemographic and sports-related characteristics, and 2) how the association of motivations and goals with sports participation may differ between users of different sports settings. published a study on sports participation in Europe. All variables that relate to sports participation (including frequency, setting, motivations, goals, and type of sports) refer to the respondents’ participation in their principal type of sports. (2008) www. The total study sample (N = 1,663) was not fully representative for the Dutch adult population due to a underrepresentation of low-educated respondents (12.1% compared to 33% nationally [26]), and of respondents with a non-native Dutch origin (10.8% compared to 21.4% nationally [27]). A call for continued exploration into measurement issues, analysis approaches, outcome measures, and causal models of activities and adolescent functioning is made. The authors tested whether physical self-concept and self-esteem would mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among 1,250 girls in 12th grade. To maintain or increase the number of members and to not lose ground to informal sports settings, sports clubs could offer extra (low threshold, few skills needed) trainings focused on less experienced or less competitive participants and those with poorer health status, who prefer to have more flexibility and less obligation or recognition from others. of the sporting environment. Overweight children, particularly girls, reported significantly higher body-related, resource, and social barriers to physical activity compared with nonoverweight children and lower levels of adult support for physical activity. Yes Education was classified into three levels based on the highest self-reported level of completed education: 1) lower education (i.e., no education, primary education, and lower professional education), 2) middle education (i.e., intermediate and higher general education), and 3) higher education (i.e., higher professional education and university). In that void, the most robust data is generated through an annual household survey conducted by the Sports & Fitness Industry Association (SFIA) , a Project Play partner that provides custom data on youth participation to the Aspen Institute. In this study, we investigated the contribution of organized youth sport to antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent What Adolescents Learn in Organized Youth Activities: A Survey of Self‐Reported Developmental Experiences, Extracurricular Activities and Adolescent Development, Social and motivational predictors of continued youth sport participation, Sports Participation as a Protective Factor Against Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents as Mediated by Self-Esteem and Social Support. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation Users of non club-organized settings (i.e., gyms, health centres and swimming pools) and informal settings (i.e., mainly the public space) were more similar to each other than to sports club members and were associated with individual types of sports and with goals related to image and health improvement, respectively. SPSS 24.0 was used to provide descriptive statistics on respondents’ personal, motivational and sports participation characteristics. This study examined young adult sequelae of participation in high school activities and identity group for 900 participants from the Michigan Study of Life Transitions.Participation at Grade 10 in high school activities predicted later substance use, psychological adjustment, and educational and occupational outcomes.Prosocial activity participation predicted lower substance use and higher self-esteem and an increased likelihood of college graduation.Performing arts participation predicted more years of education as well as increases in drinking between ages 18 and 21 and higher rates of suicide attempts and psychologist visits by the age of 24.Sports participation predicted positive educational and occupational outcomes and lower levels of social isolation but also higher rates of drinking. In addition, a (perceived) lack of skills necessary to join a sports club might also hinder novice and non-sports participants to become a member of a sports club. Although sports participation may in fact be the reason for … We found a strong association between the goals related to skill development and sports club participants, which might be related to the type of sports (technical level, team sports). While factors of the physical environment are often taken into account as determinants influencing health behaviour, including sports participation [14,50], we recommend also considering interactions on different levels, including psychological-environmental interactions, in research on explaining sports participation. The purposes of this study were to examine the percentage of female elite athletes and controls with disordered eating (DE) behavior and clinical eating disorders (EDs), to investigate what characterize the athletes with EDs, and to evaluate whether a proposed method of screening for EDs in elite athletes does not falsely classify sport-specific behaviors as indicators of EDs. Higher levels of attainment value and ability self-concept in sport were related to more identity and flow experiences. In addition, we documented some support for the hypothesis that the link between extracurricular participation and positive adjustment is partly a function of associating with a prosocial peer group. In contrast, participation in team sports was linked to positive educational trajectories and to high rates of involvement in one risky behavior, drinking alcohol. The evidence supported our hypothesis that group differences in peer associations and activity-based identities help explain activity group differences. More insight into these mechanisms may help in determining what strategies may be useful to further promote sports participation among users of different settings. Outcome measures included smoking of tobacco and 12-month prevalences of alcohol intoxication and cannabis use, respectively. The results of this study suggest that different settings for sports participation attract different types of sports participants. Supervision, Young Adult Pathways Linked to Adolescent Activity Involvement and Social Identity, A Qualitative Exploration of Adolescents' Commitment to Athletics and the Arts, The Contribution of Organized Youth Sport to Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior in Adolescent Athletes. The Sports Participation in the United States study is a research program designed to measure the number of individuals seven years of age or older who participated in each of a number of different sports / recreational activities within the previous year. The current study aimed to provide additional evidence of the effects of sport participation on self-esteem and happiness. This could be a reason why more individual goals related to one’s own health are needed to decide whether or not to practice. Physical activity and sport participation each had an indirect, positive relation with global physical self-concept that was independent of objective measures of cardiorespiratory fitness and body fatness. Moreover, for sports and health promotion purposes, it is interesting to compare the results with the motivations, goals and barriers related to the use of specific sports settings of non-participants as potential new sports participants. The association of motivational variables with sports participation differs between settings. We would like to thank respondents that took part in our online survey. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Sport is a context that provides positive developmental benefits to adolescents. This research can help educators understand the moti-vation to continue involvement in sports and the causes of attrition among youth. This implies that sports frequency is higher when participants engage in settings that better fit their motivations and goals. Introduction to the special issue on sports participation in Europe. Given that the current findings represent perceptions only, future prospective work is needed to further our understanding of the effects of experiencing emotional abuse. precisely, in youth sport. Writing – review & editing, Affiliations The results show that participation in some activities improves achievement, while participation in others diminishes achievement. However, these benefits are not distributed equally to all participants. This letter contained the link and unique credentials for the online survey. 0-1 hour 1-2 hours 2-5 hours 5-10 hours 10-12 hours 12 + hours Question Title * 9. [6], these changes in sports participation can be seen as an issue of institutional change, which is related to processes of cultural and societal change and changing values, habits and attitudes of sports participants. Similar findings were also found in the study of Borgers et al. Ss rated the unacceptability–acceptability of the behavior shown on each slide. What is your age? In this paper we build upon definitions of sports participation used in the previous literature [10–12] and we distinguish between the following sports settings: 1) club-organized sports settings (i.e., voluntary sports clubs), 2) non-club organized settings (i.e., gyms, health centres or swimming pools) and 3) informal settings such as public spaces. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205198, Editor: Alessandro Moura Zagatto, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, BRAZIL, Received: April 2, 2018; Accepted: September 3, 2018; Published: October 8, 2018. Then, we explore two possible mediators of these associations: peer associations and activity-based identity formation. According to the socio-ecological approach, there are multiple influences on specific health behaviours, including factors on the intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental levels. About Us. These results point to specific aspects of adolescents’ participation in sport that can be used Boys tend to be influenced by their friendship network to a greater extent than girls. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend policymakers and managers in the sport and health domains to be aware of the increasing importance of health goals and flexible, informal settings among the growing group of recreationally orientated sports participants [3,6,51]. The role of value and perceived ability in flow and identity-related experiences in adolescent sport, Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball, or Marching Band. Previous research has shown that these factors are important determinants of participation and continuation in organized sports [43,44]. Investigation, Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. In total, 1,663 respondents completed the survey (9.2% response rate). Conceptualization, In addition, Borgers et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. About this research Participation in sport is associated with a range of physical, social and mental health benefits3, 4. Those involved initially in team sports had greater growth in alcohol intoxication, but lower growth in tobacco use and cannabis use, during the adolescent and early adult years compared to those involved in technical or strength sports. It also explores potential mediating mechanisms that link such participation to academic success. Adolescent participation in extracurricular activities is associated with numerous positive outcomes, yet the mechanisms underlying this relationship are largely unknown. Based on the social-ecological framework, we hypothesize that both sociodemographic and motivational variables may have different effects on sports frequency depending on the specific setting for sports activities. Sport Participation Research Initiative, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. A sample of 1,628 students (954 grade 9, 674 grade 12) reported their developmental experiences in sport in two domains: identity formation and flow. Youth activities were associated with experiences related to initiative, identity exploration and reflection, emotional learning, developing teamwork skills, and forming ties with community members. Both perceived health and BMI were controlled for because because they possibly could be related to our independent and dependent variables [21,40]. Specifically, the present paper aims to introduce the characteristics of the evaluation tools used to assess the sportiveness, aggressiveness and violence constructs in sporting environments in general and, more, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Compared to users of other settings, members of sports clubs more often lived in rural areas (38.1%) and perceived their health as very good (18.4%), and a relatively large number of them participated in sports very frequently (at least 3 times a week) (31.8%). Perceived health refers to how respondents described their physical health and was classified in three categories: (very) bad to moderate, good and very good. Researchers have demonstrated that, through shared experiences and social processes, adolescent sports participation can facilitate improved academic outcomes, self‐concept formation, higher subjective well‐being, and increased physical activity. Published by Elsevier Inc. The findings also suggest that different youth activities offer distinct patterns of learning experiences. In this article, we summarize: (a) the arguments linking participation in structured leisure activities to positive youth development, (b) our findings on the association of extracurricular activity involvement with both educational and risky behavior outcomes during adolescence and young adulthood, and (c) our findings regarding possible mediating mechanisms of these associations. In males, adolescent participation in ball games, intensive endurance sports, track and field, and combat sports was associated with a high or very high level of adult activity. All variables that relate to sports participation … The Sport Participation Research Project analyses data for organised sport participation over three years, from 2015 to 2017. Recent research emphasizes the importance of economic factors on sport participation. Participants in most extracurricular activities achieved better educational outcomes than non-participants even after controlling for social class, gender, and intellectual aptitude. Through reference to research conducted around the work of Leyton Orient Community Sports Programme on a Tower Hamlets Drug Challenge Fund Project, a case is made for the use of sport within the framework of holistic community development interventions in preference to punitive diversionary measures. In addition, intensity of participation moderated the links between attainment value and identity and flow, and ability self-concept and identity, for older students. There was a strong positive relation between global physical self-concept and self-esteem and a moderate inverse relation between self-esteem and depression symptoms. No, Is the Subject Area "Motivation" applicable to this article? No, Is the Subject Area "Exercise" applicable to this article? For instance, women are more likely to engage in informal and flexible sports in commercial or alternative settings [2,4,8], and adults of higher social classes and with higher incomes are more likely to engage in non-organized sports [13,14]. Although most socio-ecological models recognize the existence of interactions between factors at multiple levels, they often do not offer clear hypotheses on how these factors interact [25]. Service, faith-based, community, and vocational activities were reported to be frequent contexts for experiences related to identity, prosocial norms, and links to adults. Methods were established in congruence with the methodology of grounded theory. This research inventoried adolescents' reports on different developmental and negative experiences in organized youth activities, including extracurricular and community-based activities. There are sportsmanlike conducts as forms of alternatives to these types of behaviors. Sports participation in adolescence, and participation in team sports in particular, may increase the growth in alcohol intoxication during late adolescent and early adult years, whereas participation in team sports and endurance sports may reduce later increase in tobacco and cannabis use. Athletes discussed perceived psychological effects (low mood, anger, low self-efficacy, low self-esteem, anxiety, sense of accomplishment), training effects (increased motivation, decreased motivation, reduced enjoyment, impaired focus, difficulty with skill acquisition), and performance effects (performance decrements, enhanced performance) of their experiences of emotional abuse. This suggests that a selection bias towards more sports-minded respondents has not occurred. ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine if youth soccer players' perceived relationships with parents and peers in soccer, and the moderating associations among these social relationship variables, predict soccer continuation over and above motivation-related variables.DesignThis study used a prospective design by assessing youth soccer athletes' social relationships and motivational outcomes during one season and tracking the athletes' soccer continuation behavior one year later.MethodsContinuation behavior of travel soccer athletes (N = 148), ages 10–14 years (M = 11.7, SD = 1.0), was assessed one year after completing a questionnaire containing soccer-contextualized measures of perceived parent relationship quality, perceived friendship quality, perceived peer acceptance, perceived competence, enjoyment, stress, and self-determined motivation.ResultsLogistic regression analyses showed that greater perceived competence, more positive friendship quality, and the combination of mother relationship quality and peer relationships predict soccer continuation on the same team.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the importance of close social relationships, and the combination of parent and peer relationships in particular, to sport continuation behavior. 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