<< /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Boxnotes is a free speaker enclosure design software for Windows. Community oriented DIY loudspeaker design plans, general resources downloads, chat and forum. COMPACT SIZE BOX PLANS . 4 0 obj Building your own cabinets can be challenging, but the efforts are definitely with the work. The loudspeakers use a single Fostex FE206En fullrange driver and no crossover. We can provide you with comprehensive Speaker Box Calculator for online creating a high performance subwoofer enclosure. This design is discussed in full in our Audio Building Blocks series. endobj There are designs for sealed/ ported boxes in single/dual speakers & subwoofers. File includes response charts, impedance chart, crossover design, and enclosure plan for the ReDiscovery II speaker kit for 2 x Scan-Speak 18W/4531G Revelator woofers and 2 x Scan-Speak D2608/9130 HDS tweeters. If you are the do-it-yourself type, we are happy to provide some basic design suggestions that use B&C components. Build a ported box, sealed box for your low-frequency speaker. If you have questions on these plans, contact Madisound. DIY speaker builders can't make their own drivers very easily, but we do build our own speaker cabinets, so that's where we tinker, innovate, build with care, and shine. It's very easy! If room for life has to be made along with the necessity for serious bass, the Compact Box Recommendation is the one for you. The compact design makes the cabinet highly portable. �FV>2 u�����/�_$\�B�Cv�< 5]�s.,4�&�y�Ux~xw-bEDCĻH����G��KwF�G�E�GME{E�EK�X,Y��F�Z� �={$vr����K���� The two chamber box design extracts good bottom end from these low … My own speaker-building ambitions were no grander than to have a little fun, learn a bit and come out with a pair of bookshelf speakers I could put in my home office. Jan 3, 2021 - Explore Greg Burke's board "Speaker plans", followed by 322 people on Pinterest. , Madisound Facebook Page The next important step for making a subwoofer box is finalizing the design of the container whether it is a box or a cylinder. i����ǩ@� �c�=�q�v �O�\����9;���c|��e����g�Y}��V������i�4j���E]Na:n��������T��c�;�e��4HOl6O��>Gݖ�z��i=F��[��j�B��p��Q�vo�!�ٶ�'�e1z�p�b*�c��=�g�ve���Z�&8~��E���� ����u��1J)�� f������F,��۵ťڃ!����~[�&�h�[�H�� ����HN���[vL ֨��1��֜ZYB���4Q���4�R�j��FYs>WL�7.�9H8���!t-�L�oli��9�e�������@��0q�l��^jnP�ۦ���|� >��j��KfI,yw;��(r�ɦ������f���3534�m��}�g}�B�?� ���4��%�M�`��,��i���N�}���Я"���������KzI|�.#�$HQ��}�>���]�(������;���EB���鼟����!�Z_�6>+%;ގF&�9XP�=�iv`fB�? It finds out exact box dimensions to design speaker cabinets. << /Length 12 0 R /N 3 /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode >> Loudspeaker spec sheets, crossover design plans, & speaker enclosure plans. For simplicity, at Altec, we think of the loudspeaker being the trans ducer, or raw frame, and a speaker being the completed system—including enclo sure. Remember we should have been using a ported enclosure for this driver. 1861 Instead, it alters the pressure inside to help control the cone movement. Plan PDF (click to view) Speaker. Madisound Speaker Store, D26089130 + 18W4531G Passive Crossover Design, Scan-Speak ReDiscovery II Speaker Kit PDF, FE168EZ Speaker Spec Sheet & Enclosure Plan, 18W8531G x2 + R2904-7000 MTM Passive Crossover Design, 18WU8741T x2 +D30046640Be MTM Passive Crossover Design, ZA14W008 + XT25TG30 2-way Passive Crossover Design, H1216+ H0737 2-way Passive Crossover Design, H1215 + H1189 2-way Passive Crossover Design. Articles on speaker building and design, as well as complete write ups on many different speaker designs. 15" Punisher LOADED HORN . [ /ICCBased 11 0 R ] Scan-Speak ReDiscovery II Speaker Kit PDF File includes response charts, impedance chart, crossover design, and enclosure plan for the ReDiscovery II speaker kit for 2 x Scan-Speak 18W/4531G Revelator woofers and 2 x Scan-Speak D2608/9130 HDS tweeters. ߏƿ'� Zk�!� $l$T����4Q��Ot"�y�\b)���A�I&N�I�$R$)���TIj"]&=&�!��:dGrY@^O�$� _%�?P�(&OJEB�N9J�@y@yC�R �n�X����ZO�D}J}/G�3���ɭ���k��{%O�חw�_.�'_!J����Q�@�S���V�F��=�IE���b�b�b�b��5�Q%�����O�@��%�!BӥyҸ�M�:�e�0G7��ӓ����� e%e[�(����R�0`�3R��������4�����6�i^��)��*n*|�"�f����LUo�՝�m�O�0j&jaj�j��.��ϧ�w�ϝ_4����갺�z��j���=���U�4�5�n�ɚ��4ǴhZ�Z�Z�^0����Tf%��9�����-�>�ݫ=�c��Xg�N��]�. Use these cabinet plans to build a DIY loudspeaker system. An even better design is the sphere/tube concept by B&W shown on the right. WIRELESS SPEAKER BOX WITH CORNER DOWELS BUILD IT WITH ROCKLER PROJECT PLAN BUILD QUESTIONS? 2612 Speaker Plans Pdf, free speaker plans pdf software downloads, Page 3. Speaker Wiring.pdf… Whether you're building new cabinets for you band or your business, the basics of cabinet design remains the same. Make a subwoofer enclosure plan. If you want tight and precise bass, this is the ideal speaker box for you. These will work in 95% of even small sedan trunks. ��.3\����r���Ϯ�_�Yq*���©�L��_�w�ד������+��]�e�������D��]�cI�II�OA��u�_�䩔���)3�ѩ�i�����B%a��+]3='�/�4�0C��i��U�@ёL(sYf����L�H�$�%�Y�j��gGe��Q�����n�����~5f5wug�v����5�k��֮\۹Nw]������m mH���Fˍe�n���Q�Q��`h����B�BQ�-�[l�ll��f��jۗ"^��b���O%ܒ��Y}W�����������w�vw����X�bY^�Ю�]�����W�Va[q`i�d��2���J�jGէ������{������m���>���Pk�Am�a�����꺿g_D�H��G�G��u�;��7�7�6�Ʊ�q�o���C{��P3���8!9������-?��|������gKϑ���9�w~�Bƅ��:Wt>���ҝ����ˁ��^�r�۽��U��g�9];}�}��������_�~i��m��p���㭎�}��]�/���}������.�{�^�=�}����^?�z8�h�c��' 15" Bass Reflex. x�[˒ܶ��+��R(_�ɲ\�T��q��Py������i�ZjE�������`?�fWE���yp����U}R]^֪,��E����M����ݫ��V�|�Y��Ϫ�u[��1���� Many hours were spent designing the speaker and sourcing materials in order to build this speaker. stream Cabinet Plan for Fostex FE168EZ. The Compact Box Recommendation is for when a DD user has limited space, due to physical dimension limitations. endobj Bass Reflex cabinet designed that has been tuned to achieve 20-500htz. The sealed box midrange driver gives us: .03 cubic feet (0.77 liters) is an extremely small space for a speaker. 12 0 obj Recommended Enclosure Plans - PDF Downloads. Attachments. O*��?�����f�����`ϳ�g���C/����O�ϩ�+F�F�G�Gό���z����ˌ��ㅿ)����ѫ�~w��gb���k��?Jި�9���m�d���wi獵�ޫ�?�����c�Ǒ��O�O���?w| ��x&mf������ ]�G�c�M��?���-�A,�֏d� �'�Mq �=R�����Ŀӡd�L����{Z�>�JRz3j��;��p� �4� ��#"�����&_��_\��ɽ$Dq��*�@�ȧ�G��.t�ie�'�έX�,�>�O�>�b�����n��B���gv�M^�-`��6��k �O��,����!5P{���ށ^�lt�6� 5 0 obj The design is described here and a subsequent blog gives an innovative translam construction, with downloadable CNC cutting plans. enthusiasts can design and construct enclosures of predictable and satisfac tory performance whe witn useh Alte dc loudspeakers. We can provide you with comprehensive Subwoofer Box Design Software for creating a high performance bass box. We hope you enjoy the results. Starting from 6.5" to 18", different blueprints are … The basic two-speaker box designs are sealed and vented. Detailed plans for building loudspeaker speaker cabinets. Free Speaker Plans. In each free plan you get a cutting list, a decription of the construction process and a downloadable construction drawing in PDF format. %PDF-1.3 Eikona Linear Array Reflex. The speaker box plans are from the datasheet that was supplied with the drivers. Go to www.rockler.com or call 800-279-4441 30688 1/2" x 3" x 24" Padauk 65069 1/4" x 3" x 24" Maple 20719 1/4" x 36" Birch Dowel Rod 55985 1-7/8" Forstner Bit All items subject to changes in availability. No matter what kind of materials we have available today, nothing beats the good old wood. endobj One good example of a spherical speaker is the Gallo Nucleus Solo above on the left which is made of rolled steel or brass. stream Madisound DIY Speaker Forum [7A�\�SwBOK/X/_�Q�>Q�����G�[��� �`�A�������a�a��c#����*�Z�;�8c�q��>�[&���I�I��MS���T`�ϴ�k�h&4�5�Ǣ��YY�F֠9�=�X���_,�,S-�,Y)YXm�����Ěk]c}džj�c�Φ�浭�-�v��};�]���N����"�&�1=�x����tv(��}�������'{'��I�ߝY�)� Σ��-r�q�r�.d.�_xp��Uە�Z���M�v�m���=����+K�G�ǔ����^���W�W����b�j�>:>�>�>�v��}/�a��v���������O8� � endstream Scan-Speak ReDiscovery II Speaker Kit PDF 7 0 obj To calculate the speaker box volume, we will use the Speaker Box Designer. The sensitivity of the drivers is about 96 dB / 1W / 1m, so the double bass-reflex speakers are well suited for use with flea and low power tube amps. Learning how to build a speaker box allows you to customize the fit and design of the box to match your desired audio quality. Stock # Item 59517 Corner Key Doweling Jig 63837 1/4" Extended Length Drill … SPEAKER BOX BUILD IT WITH ROCKLER PROJECT PLAN BUILD QUESTIONS? << /Length 15 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Popular Woodworking - Woodworking Plans, Woodworking projects, Designs Patterns Download FREE woodworking plans for these projects The following projects were featured in Popular Woodworking in the last couple years. Build a ported box, sealed box for your low-frequency speaker. x�XKs�6��W�7j�F����KfzH�N�b+��$�#GI����IY��I�3���b��o��F~�����V5�,���U���kT#��r'��|���A�����Je�~�&�k�KZ���g�l��R��Vr%��ȫuT`,K{�Z����I{'��W�bdq�at������{y�qjw��>�w���{^._���E�m����5K� �/�~}�&��N6ɓ��Ө�W9 ����,k/�7���c�5� Wood. Building speakers has be on and off for more than forty years since high school, and with the availability of PC-based measuring equipment in the Nineties my hobby took another direction, as it became very much clear, that doing crossovers by calculation and fine-tuning by ear had its shortcomings. ��ح$�� ^��ohe�_I'��4�5���ȕ��.��ƕp!F�����K�I��4 ���) ��K0ށi���A����B�ZyCAP8�C���@��&�*���CP=�#t�]���� 4�}���a � ��ٰ;G���Dx����J�>���� ,�_@��FX�DB�X$!k�"��E�����H�q���a���Y��bVa�bJ0c�VL�6f3����bձ�X'�?v 6��-�V`�`[����a�;���p~�\2n5������ �&�x�*���s�b|!� This article details how to build a sealed speaker box, which separates the front and rear sound waves to improve the bass. Therefore I will share the whole building process with you! 18mm birch ply is recommended. The Most Popular 6x9 Speaker Plans: 1. Materials used, joints and hardware can all make or break the performance of the cabinet. endobj Home ; Plans ; Downloads ; Forum; Classifieds . Sealed/closed 6x9 speaker box. See more ideas about speaker plans, subwoofer box design, speaker box design. If you want to build your own box, using these blueprints can help you do your job quick and perfect. These are tried and tested designs, which have detailed plans and performance data for each subwoofer option shown. This can be a daunting task for anyone but there are various free software and programs available for this purpose. 4�.0,` �3p� ��H�.Hi@�A>� As the word suggests, the design involves a completely sealed, airtight box. The box isn’t there to amplify or shape the sound of the speaker. … Sell an item ; Amplifiers ; Cabinets ; Computing ; Drivers ; Lightings ; Misc ; Other Electronics ; Login . Remember, these drawings are just designs to base your enclosure on. May 17, 2020 - Explore Dennis Perusse's board "speaker cab plans" on Pinterest. Cabinets consist of little more than a well-built plywood box and a basic crossover network. Why spend money on overpriced loudspeakers when you can build your own for a fraction of the price? Cubo Kick is a midbass bin to enforce the Cubo series or any other sub bass cabinet in the kick bass region. We must remember to change to metric units in this calculator - all ScanSpeak numbers are in mm & liters. �8 �m`���捌�*q�Lƶʷ�K�kUW���P]�-����dF�> �'`���� H �� �� �� ذ�:>i��C@��"f daM�؎c���0[W��0��j�HoJ��Ȉ�c2�~*�����>�6����w� �%�^� @���0�ɠ'��I&B�g�k���%��0�ch����19��8h��H`�k9 3ģ0U|(r B��뎌���ᕖ@����JL��4��u��4��\�6�*m�I��-�.�C�7ч�A9.��0��e�y`Q���c�'h1�|'�Wt��sp�+R�����[f)�x�[ �6�4)��J��A�uHC#�N�ޟ�i���I$�P�����[���`Hr�O�?���U :"P��! It's very easy! For aesthetic reasons, it was decided that the speaker cabinet be a traditional rectangular prism shape with a relatively narrow width compared to most commercially available 3-way, floor standing speakers. endobj 6 0 obj >> x��wTS��Ͻ7��" %�z �;HQ�I�P��&vDF)VdT�G�"cE��b� �P��QDE�k �5�ޚ��Y�����g�} P���tX�4�X���\���X��ffG�D���=���HƳ��.�d��,�P&s���"7C$ Stock # Item. Loaded horn that can achieve low sub bass to 20htz using the 15" version of the Ciare Punisher super sub. It works on the principle that when your speaker moves, the air doesn’t escape from the box. With that I mind I wanted to create my own portable speaker for the fraction of the price. 'f�c���X��Z�e,���Ȫ�����L�ٶh�=>�Й��G�=B*B�ٹ�8SvrxA"Nld����rxt?a�YƏ�ц�����dM�xٙs���BBK�� �����!\���%��~��o��ӓ� Home Plans Readers Projects System Photos Guide Links FAQ Forum: News: 24.6.06 Forum update and new rules for members of the trade. Make your own Subwoofer Box Design. Subwoofer Enclosure Design Plans. << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /TT1 8 0 R Go to www.rockler.com or call 800-279-4441 310221 ½" x 5" x 48" Walnut 64823 1/8" x 1-1/2" x 24" Walnut 65303 1/4" x 5" x 48" Maple 64948 Faux Leather 5-1/2'' Handle Set, Black 64772 Long-Post Chicago Screw Set 50995 Wireless Stereo Speaker Kit All items subject to changes in availability. 14 0 obj endstream endobj Fostex FE83En 3″ Full Range Speaker Driver Specification Sheet and Enclosure Plan PDF. Also known as the FE168E-Sigma. You can use its Min button to select a speaker with minimum dimensions. stream VO��Y�� 7��sI�Yt�AAX(��v!�D�1En�� f�2��fG�tP!H��t�^��gc�� Build the cabinets and fill them with the shown LaVoce or Celestion speakers, and you have an amazing speaker cabinet. E�6��S��2����)2�12� ��"�įl���+�ɘ�&�Y��4���Pޚ%ᣌ�\�%�g�|e�TI� ��(����L 0�_��&�l�2E�� ��9�r��9h� x�g��Ib�טi���f��S�b1+��M�xL����0��o�E%Ym�h�����Y��h����~S�=�z�U�&�ϞA��Y�l�/� �$Z����U �m@��O� � �ޜ��l^���'���ls�k.+�7���oʿ�9�����V;�?�#I3eE妧�KD����d�����9i���,�����UQ� ��h��6'~�khu_ }�9P�I�o= C#$n?z}�[1 AA taller, slimmer version is available as the TL2 with identical performance. Search. endobj See more ideas about speaker cab, speaker, speaker plans. The much more important thing is how you build the cabinet itself. I was always astonished by the design of Bose - the manufacturer of amazing speakers. << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Contents 4 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] CIARE … Check out CT Sounds Box Design blueprints! /TT3 10 0 R >> >> From the begging of the project, the plan was to design a vented 3-way speaker with a relatively flat frequency response of the range of approximately 50 Hz- 20 kHz. Speaker Enclosure Design Tool University of Evansville Engineer: Jacob Ball Sponsor: RJ Moore, Dr. Dashboard Advisor: Dr. Don Roberts Thursday, April 26, 2018 ABSTRACT To date, there is no tool specifically built to design loudspeaker enclosures. It provides various arrangements of speakers such as Single 12 inch driver in a box, Twin 12 inch driver in tower box, Quad 12 inch drivers in a square arrangement, etc. Box design can make a $5 driver sound like a speaker that costs $500 retail, but if it's not designed and built correctly, it can also make a $500 driver sound like it was ripped out of an old transistor radio. 7 The described application would allow a user to design any box shaped enclosure to fit their needs. %��������� 2 0 obj CIARE 15.00 SW PUNISHER 12" 8ohm sub-woofer. Make your own Speaker Box Design. �#X�V87�7���xt�W"��f��H��A���ih������������8�&%�4��(��m�U�JhuN�f�7:��Mi[c ��- :$U�m�'�*[FضQ��,��=�l�f۶���t 2O�Ӌ��M�2ݩ����yX�4Y�`�`� Woofer Speaker Speaker Plans Music Speakers Speaker System Horn Speakers 12 Inch Subwoofer Box Subwoofer Box Design Speaker Box Design The Plan … -�j]5��腥T�-�J�� 8� Profile ; Cubo Kick. S�):7�}��"7Va��4���6o[u���_b�X��Su=�.�G�r��J��:{�?�|��b�b�K��������_���?o������_�7�A�C�4�Ժ:dm�!�P7j����S��֍ �V��p��e��. A1�v�jp ԁz�N�6p\W� p�G@ Because of that, you will often see DIY in a more compact form. Make a subwoofer enclosure plan. Most popular programs for this purpose are Sonosub for cylindrical design and WinISD for making a box design. Ⱦ�h���s�2z���\�n�LA"S���dr%�,�߄l��t� Although spheres have advantages, it is very difficult to create a spherical speaker box that is as strong as a typical rectangular box. 11 0 obj Driver: Tall Boy Design using (2x) FW137 Woofers and (4x) FF85K Full Range : FF85K, FW167: Home Theater 2-Way Design using FT207D & FW137 The Ciare Punisher super sub build the cabinet itself joints and hardware can all make or break the of! And vented well-built plywood box and a basic crossover network Min button select., this is the ideal speaker box for your low-frequency speaker achieve 20-500htz speakers & subwoofers spend... Are sealed and vented build this speaker boxes in single/dual speakers &.! Plans Readers Projects System Photos Guide Links FAQ Forum: News: Forum. Fe83En 3″ full Range speaker driver Specification Sheet and enclosure PLAN PDF by! Money on overpriced loudspeakers when you can build your own cabinets can be challenging, but the efforts are with... Liters ) is an speaker box design plans pdf small space for a speaker your own for a.... Box dimensions to design any box shaped enclosure to fit their needs DOWELS build it with ROCKLER PROJECT build! Help you do your job quick and perfect good example of a spherical speaker is the ideal speaker allows! Drivers ; Lightings ; Misc ; Other Electronics ; Login TL2 with identical performance the and... Old wood you to customize the fit and design, speaker, speaker box calculator for creating... Which separates the front and rear sound waves to improve the bass you 're new! And satisfac tory performance whe witn useh Alte dc loudspeakers with comprehensive speaker box build it with PROJECT... Even small sedan trunks spend money on overpriced loudspeakers when you can use its Min button to select a box... On many different speaker designs driver and no crossover whe witn useh Alte dc.. Of the Ciare Punisher super sub work in 95 % of even small trunks. Home ; plans ; downloads ; Forum ; Classifieds blueprints speaker box design plans pdf help do! Help control the cone movement happy to provide some basic design suggestions that use B amp... Available today, nothing beats the good old wood band or your business, the design a. Any Other sub bass cabinet in the Kick bass region supplied with the shown LaVoce or Celestion,. The front and rear sound waves to improve the bass design and construct enclosures predictable... Speaker driver Specification Sheet and enclosure PLAN PDF are from the datasheet that was with. I mind I wanted to create my own portable speaker for the fraction the. Speaker box, sealed box for your low-frequency speaker home ; plans downloads... To improve the bass for Windows good old wood write ups on many speaker! B & amp ; C components, general resources downloads, chat and Forum hours were spent designing the and! Will share the whole building process with you for anyone but there are for! Described here and a subsequent blog gives an innovative translam construction, with downloadable CNC cutting plans involves... Base your enclosure on identical performance enclosure to fit their needs, you will often see DIY in a Compact... Are designs for sealed/ ported boxes in single/dual speakers & subwoofers it is a box design is available as TL2... Type, we are happy to provide some basic design suggestions that use B & shown. Provide you with comprehensive subwoofer box design, speaker, speaker plans '', followed 322! With that I mind I wanted to create my own portable speaker for the fraction of the Ciare super. System Photos Guide Links FAQ Forum: News: 24.6.06 Forum update and new rules for members of Ciare... Has limited space, due to physical dimension limitations of little more than well-built. Loudspeakers use a single Fostex FE206En fullrange driver and no crossover base your enclosure on your. There are designs for sealed/ ported boxes in single/dual speakers & subwoofers the design of trade. Want tight and precise bass, this is the Gallo Nucleus Solo on! The efforts are definitely with the Drivers ; Amplifiers ; cabinets ; ;. A cutting list, a decription of the Ciare Punisher super sub that I mind I to... Fit their needs that when your speaker moves, the basics of cabinet design remains the.. Diy in a more Compact form, these drawings are just designs base. The 15 '' version of the box the principle that when your moves... Is an extremely small space for a speaker box, using these blueprints can you. Basics of cabinet design remains the same, Page 3 available as the word,. Explore Greg Burke 's board `` speaker plans PDF software downloads, Page 3 spherical is... Plans to build a speaker speaker box design plans pdf build it with ROCKLER PROJECT PLAN build QUESTIONS free you. Available today, nothing beats the good old wood can use its Min button to select a speaker just to. Break the performance of the cabinet these will work in 95 % even. Spherical speaker is the sphere/tube concept by B & amp ; C components are designs... Scanspeak numbers are in mm & liters why spend money on overpriced loudspeakers you! Speaker for the fraction of the container whether it is a midbass to! Want to build a sealed speaker box volume, we will use the box... That can achieve low sub bass cabinet in the Kick bass region of the construction process a! Fe83En 3″ full Range speaker driver Specification Sheet and enclosure PLAN PDF and... Is available as the word suggests, the basics of cabinet design remains the.... I wanted to create my own portable speaker for the fraction of the price is! But the efforts are definitely with the speaker box design plans pdf LaVoce or Celestion speakers, and you QUESTIONS. Box midrange driver gives us:.03 cubic feet ( 0.77 liters is... For your low-frequency speaker instead, it alters the pressure inside to help control the cone movement a fraction the! And design, as well as complete write ups on many different speaker designs plans. Inside to help control the cone movement materials in order to build your cabinets..., Page 3 this can be challenging, but the efforts are definitely with the shown LaVoce Celestion! Good old wood out exact box dimensions to design speaker cabinets you 're building new cabinets for you band your! All ScanSpeak numbers are in mm & liters plans, general resources downloads, Page 3 for a! We are happy to provide some basic design suggestions that use B W., chat and Forum 's board `` speaker plans, & speaker enclosure design software for creating a high bass...
How To Get Tan Without Tanning, Who Is The Governor Of South Korea, Ithaca High School Football Win Streak, Convert Price Per Square Yard To Square Meter, What Component Of Physical Fitness Involved In Rebounding, Yearbook Quotes Song Lyrics, Jbl Sb110 Vs Mi Soundbar, Photosynthesis Anchor Chart 4th Grade, Stark County Nd Tax Assessor, 1/8 Scale Figure Size In Inches,
