In the lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as Kadu, Red Line Torpedo Barb and choottachi; orange chromide—Etroplus maculatus are found. According to a TRAI report, as of June 2018 the total number of wireless phone subscribers in Kerala is about 43.1 million and the wireline subscriber base is at 1.9 million, accounting for the telephone density of 124.15. At the time of Indian independence movement in the early 20th century, there were two major princely states in Kerala-Travancore State and the Kingdom of Cochin. At present the corporation has 5373 buses running on 4795 schedules.[295][296]. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. [289] National Highways in Kerala are among the narrowest in the country and will remain so for the foreseeable future, as the state government has received an exemption that allows narrow national highways. [438], The educational system prevailing in the state's schools specifies an initial 10-year course of study, which is divided into three stages: lower primary, upper primary, and secondary school—known as 4+3+3, which signifies the number of years for each stage. The first element of the name, however, is attested already in the Topography written by Cosmas Indicopleustes. [462] "Elephants, firework displays and huge crowds" are the major attractions of Thrissur Pooram. The state animal of Kerala is the elephant which also features in its emblem. The district also gets thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May. [229] Unemployment in 2007 was estimated at 9.4%;[230] chronic issues are underemployment, low employability of youth, and a low female labour participation rate of only 13.5%,[231]:5, 13 as was the practice of Nokku kooli, "wages for looking on". [186] According to a survey by economics research firm Indicus Analytics in 2007, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Kochi are among the "best cities in India to live"; the survey used parameters such as health, education, environment, safety, public facilities and entertainment to rank the cities.[187]. [376] People in Kerala experience elevated incidence of cancers, liver and kidney diseases. [355] Kerala has the lowest homicide rate among Indian states, with 1.1 per 100,000 in 2011. [167] Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1,250 mm (49 in); the mountains of the eastern Idukki district receive more than 5,000 mm (197 in) of orographic precipitation: the highest in the state. New Statesman. [546] Jimmy George was a notable Indian volleyball player, rated in his prime as among the world's ten best players. E. J. Brill, Leiden. [49][50] Archaeological studies have identified Mesolithic, Neolithic and Megalithic sites in Kerala. However, the team was disbanded after the season because of conflicts of interest among its franchises. Kerala Geography (Physiography, Geography Map & Physical Features) Wedged between Arabian Sea in the West and Western Ghats in the East geographically Kerala is unique and beautiful. In November 2015, the Ministry of Urban Development selected seven cities of Kerala for a comprehensive development program known as the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT). [34][35] Al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) must have been the first writer to call this country Malabar. [367] According to a study commissioned by Lien Foundation, a Singapore-based philanthropic organisation, Kerala is considered to be the best place to die in India based on the state's provision of palliative care for patients with serious illnesses. [434] The efforts by leaders such as Vaikunda Swami, Narayana Guru, Ayyankali, and Kuriakose Elias Chavara in aiding the socially discriminated castes in the state—with the help of community-based organisations like Nair Service Society, SNDP, Muslim Educational Society, Muslim Mahajana Sabha, Yoga Kshema Sabha (of Nambudiris) and congregations of Christian churches—led to the further development of mass education in Kerala. The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between the Zamorin and the King of Kochi allied with Kochi. [549] Greenfield International Stadium at located at Kariavattom in Thiruvananthapuram city, is India's first DBOT (design, build, operate and transfer) model outdoor stadium and it has hosted international cricket matches and international football matches including 2015 SAFF Championship. The state was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami,[156] and in 2018 received the worst flooding in nearly a century. [282] This translates to about 6.98 kilometres (4.34 mi) of road per thousand people, compared to an average of 3.88 kilometres (2.41 mi) in the country. [177] These are threatened by extensive habitat destruction, including soil erosion, landslides, salinisation, and resource extraction. (60 metres (197 ft)) Agastya Mala, which has an elevation of 1,868 metres (6,129 ft) is only about 60 km from the city. After Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498, the Portuguese began to dominate eastern shipping, and the spice-trade in particular. [citation needed], The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally hot tropical. [424][425] Owing to the former matrilineal system, women in Kerala enjoy a high social status. Kerala is a land of cultural diversity. George, Priyadarshan, John Abraham, Ramu Karyat, K S Sethumadhavan, A. Vincent and Shaji N Karun have made a considerable contribution to the Indian parallel cinema. After his death, in the absence of a strong central power, the state was divided into thirty small warring principalities; the most powerful of them were the kingdom of Zamorin of Kozhikode in the north, Venad in the south, Kochi in the middle, and Kannur in the far north. The latter section consists of majority Salafists (the Mujahids). [538][539][540] Also, Kozhikode hosts Gokulam Kerala FC in the I-League as well as the Sait Nagjee Football Tournament. Marine fossils have been found in an area near Changanacherry, thus supporting the hypothesis. [461] Some festivals include Poorams, the best known of these being the Thrissur Pooram. [436] As of 2007[update], enrolment in elementary education was almost 100%; and, unlike other states in India, educational opportunity was almost equally distributed among sexes, social groups, and regions. [534][537] Football is one of the most widely played and watched sports with huge support for club and district level matches. [276] According to 2003–04 reports, about 1.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries. [318], Kerala is home to 2.76% of India's population; with a density of 859 persons per km2, its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the national average of 370 persons per km2. Mahé, a part of the Indian union territory of Puducherry,[182] though 647 kilometres (402 mi) away from it,[183] is a coastal exclave surrounded by Kerala on all of its landward approaches. The term Malabar Coast is sometimes used as an all-encompassing term for the entire Indian coast from the western coast of Konkan to the tip of the subcontinent at Cape Comorin.It is over 525 miles or 845 kilometers long. Chathukulam, Jos, and Joseph Tharamangalam. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban difference in household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.[442]. [133], The state is wedged between the Lakshadweep Sea and the Western Ghats. [284] National Highway 66, with the longest stretch of road (1,622 kilometres (1,008 mi)) connects Kanyakumari to Mumbai; it enters Kerala via Talapady in Kasargod and passes through Kannur, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Guruvayur, Kochi, Alappuzha, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram before entering Tamil Nadu. The Western Ghats dominate the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain bearing clouds of the South West Monsoon from entering the state. [496] Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar and Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran are noted for their contribution to Malayalam prose. [103] The Zamorin of Kozhikode permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects such that Portuguese trade in Kozhikode prospered with the establishment of a factory and a fort. For the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in India, the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi), was chosen as one of the six venues where the game would be hosted in India. [216] The total remittances received by the emigrants stood at ₹851 billion (US$12 billion) in the year 2018. The forests in the tail end of Western Ghats form the most diverse and unknown ecosystem in Peninsular India.[6]. [16][17] Kerala has the lowest positive population growth rate in India, 3.44%; the highest Human Development Index (HDI), 0.784 in 2018 (0.712 in 2015); the highest literacy rate, 96.2% in the 2018 literacy survey conducted by the National Statistical Office, India;[9] the highest life expectancy, 77 years; and the highest sex ratio, 1,084 women per 1,000 men. Mappila Muslim culture '' state University of New York Press, Albany ( 2015 ) p.... Known as Male or Malabar Jews and are the oldest existing airports in south India. [ ]. Area of around 38,863 km 2 contributing only 1.3 % of India of... 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